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Alfred North Whitehead
Author: Michael Colebrook
 
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I believe that Alfred North Whitehead is one of the most underrated philosophers of the 20th century. He deserves a place among the prophetic voices in this Resource Pack in his own right but also because he was a major influence, along with Teilhard de Chardin, on Thomas Berry. 
His major philosophical works are Science and the Modern World (1926) and Process and Reality (1929). Neither of these is easy reading. Fortunately Christian de Quincy in his latest book Radical Nature has provided us with the best and most accessible account that I know about of the key elements of his thinking.
The publishers, Invisible Cities Press, have generously given permission for  the whole chapter from de Quincy's book to be reproduced. DOWNLOAD. There is a problem with page references to Science and the Modern World, both my edition (Free Association Books , 1985)  and the one used by Christian de Quincy (Fontana, 1975) are out of print. However the page references in de Quincey's paper have been left in as a rough guide.
Biographical and Bibliographic information about Whitehead is available on the Stanford University Web site.


Alfred North Whitehead (1861 - 1947)

Nature is a structure of evolving processes. The reality is the process.
Science and the Modern World.
The only way of mitigating mechanism is by the discovery that it is not mechanism.
Science and the Modern World.
Successful organisms modify their environment. Those organisms are successful which modify their environments so as to assist each other. This law is exemplified in nature on a vast scale.
Science and the Modern World.
It is the business of the future to be dangerous.
Science and the Modern World.

The salvation of reality is its obstinate, irreducible, matter-of-fact entities, which are limited to be no other than themselves... That which endures is limited, obstructive, intolerant, infecting its environment with its own aspects. But it is not self-sufficient. The aspects of all things enter into its very nature... Conversely it is only itself by lending its aspects to this same environment in which it finds itself. The problem of evolution is the development of enduring harmonies of enduring shapes of value, which merge into higher attainments of things beyond themselves. Aesthetic attainment is interwoven in the texture of realisation.

Science and the Modern World.

Viewed as primordial, [God] is the unlimited conceptual Realization of the absolute wealth of potentiality. In this aspect, he is not before all creation, but with all creation. But, as primordial, so far is he from 'eminent reality', that in this abstraction he is 'deficiently actual' - and this in two ways. His feelings are only conceptual and so lack the fullness of actuality. Secondly, conceptual feelings, apart from complex integration with physical feelings, are devoid of consciousness in their subjective forms.

Process and Reality. p. 343

There is another side to the nature of God which cannot be omitted... God, as well as being primordial, is also consequent. He is the beginning and the end. He is not the beginning in the sense of being in the past of all members. He is the presupposed actuality of conceptual operation, in unison of becoming with every other creative act. Thus, by reason of the relativity of all things, there is a reaction of the world on God. The completion of God's nature into the fullness of physical feeling is derived from the objectification of the world in God... God's conceptual nature is unchanged, by reason of its final completeness. But his derivative nature is consequent upon the creative advance of the world.

Process and Reality. p. 345

Thus, analogously to all actual entities, the nature of God is dipolar. He has a primordial nature and a consequent nature. The consequent nature of God is conscious; and it is the Realization of the actual world in the unity of his nature, and through the transformation of his wisdom. The primordial nature is conceptual, the consequent nature is the weaving of God's physical feelings upon his primordial concepts.

Process and Reality. p. 345

Religion is the vision of something which stands beyond, behind, and within, the passing flux of immediate things; something which is real, and yet waiting to be realised; something that is a remote possibility, and yet the greatest of present facts; something that gives meaning to all that passes, and yet eludes apprehension; something whose possession is the final goal, and yet is beyond all reach; something which is the final ideal, and the hopeless quest.

Science and the Modern World.

The immediate reaction of human nature to the religious vision is worship... The vision claims nothing but worship; and worship is a surrender to the claim of assimilation, urged with the motive force of mutual love. The vision never overrules. It is always there, and it has the power of love presenting the one purpose whose fulfilment is eternal harmony... The worship of God is an adventure of the spirit, a flight after the unattainable.

Science and the Modern World.